科技杂谈:见闻不同事物形态会有不同物态特性
本帖最后由 杨工 于 2019-9-13 09:45 编辑大自然中的天地人被称为三才,三才窍,二五精,天地交时万物生,不同地理空间和地貌会有不同的自然生态。草地里有各种野草,其特点也不同,生长在路边的车前草,和其它草类也不同,所以人们称为车轱辘菜。同时也是一种很好野生药材:
车前草诗经中称为芣苢,现在车前草又被称为车轮菜子、猪耳朵棵子、车前草、五更草、田灌草。车前草的种子称为车前子,盛产于6~9月,全株可入药。车前草的功效与作用都有哪些?车前草用药有什么禁忌?详细介绍一下:车前草的功效 车前草是利水祛湿的中药,清热利尿,凉血解毒主治主小便不利、淋浊带下、水肿胀满、暑湿泻痢、目赤障翳、痰热咳喘、尿血、肝热目赤、咽喉肿痛、痈肿疮毒等。 1、对泌尿系统的影响:车前草有一定利尿作用,可使犬、家兔及人的水分排出增多,并增加尿素、尿酸及氯化钠的排出。 2、镇咳、平喘、祛痰作用:车前草煎剂以高低两种剂量给猫灌胃,均可使猫的致咳电刺激阈显着上升,且随剂量增加,作图加强。 3、抗病原微生物作用:车前草水浸剂在试管内对同心性毛癣菌、羊毛状小芽胞癣菌、星状奴卡菌等有不同程度的抑制作用。 4、对胃、肠道作用:给巴甫洛夫小胃及胃疾的狗灌服车前草木提物或浸剂0.5gkg,对胃液分泌有双向调节作用;对毛果芸香碱所致胃液分泌过多和肾上腺素所致胃液分泌过少,均有对抗作用。车前草对工作状态的胃有抑制作用,对安静状态的胃却无作用。车前草还可暂时性增加肠液分泌,对肠运动则无明显影响。 5、抗炎作用:大鼠口服车前果胶0.5gkg或1gkg,对由甲醛或右旋糖酐引起的炎性水肿,有明显抑制作用。 6、其他作用:车前草提取物对艾氏腹水癌及小鼠肉瘤S180有较弱的抑制作用。车前黄酮甙(plantaginin)小剂量能使家兔心跳变慢,振幅加大,血压升高,大剂量可引起心脏麻痹,血压降低。它还使呼吸变深变大而慢,促进支气管及消化道的分泌,促进肠管、子宫的运动。 车前草的药物作用 1.可用于治疗痛风性关节炎 上海某痛风专科医院专家介绍说,车前草治疗痛风性关节炎的主要原理就在于其具有利尿作用,痛风性关节炎是由于体内尿酸过高所导致的,而尿酸的排泄可以通过尿液排出,车前草的利尿作用可使得痛风性关节炎患者体内的尿酸通过尿液排出,能够在一定程度上缓解痛风的病情,取干车前草30-60克,鲜者加倍,水煎2次服用,每日1剂,连续服用,但是该方法的使用必须建立在正规痛风治疗的基础上。 2.车前草治疗慢性支气管炎 每日取干车前草30-60克,鲜者加倍,先用冷水浸泡30分钟。土豆做成粉条,与土豆不同,切成土豆丝、土豆片、晒成干土豆片,与烀土豆有不一样口感和味道。把土豆大成土豆滋,给胃溃疡和胃部肿瘤的患者喝有预想不到的好效果。重视形态就是重视起特性。
机械设计中有本书:机械设计禁忌500例,主要阐述了机械结构中的不同形态有着不同的效果和作用,有的结构是设计中的禁忌,违反了这些禁忌形态,就会对产品质量有很大的危害。这里就有科学技术应用好与不好的效果区分。好钢用在刀刃上,用在刀刃上的钢一把刀的好坏不只是跟本身材料有关系,还和设计、热处理有很大关系,但是取决于是好好钢材,如果没有好的钢材,不管是设计、还是热处理都是白搭,所以一把好的刀,三个方面也要做的到位,才能成就一把好刀。刀刃钢材是决定你刀子能力表现的一个最重要因素。不同的刀刃钢材呈现不同的性能特征,好的刀具在硬度 韧性,防锈性,耐磨性,可打磨性,易加工性等性能都是比较突出的。户外刀具,刀具的钢材对刀具的性能有非常直接影响,当然同样钢材的刀具,不同品牌在锋利度等性能上也有很大的差距。但是,无论如何,刀具的钢材决定了刀具的直接性能。下面我们一起来讲讲市面上比较好的刀具的钢材料。 常见的市面上的不锈钢材有: 440A-440B-440C、420C-420HC、154CM、ATS-34 ATS-55、N690CO等, 1. 440A-440B-440C 440系列为含碳量和硬度由A-B-C逐次增加(A-0.6-0.75%,B-0.75-0.95%,C-0.951.2%)。 440C 是一种比较优秀的高端不锈钢,硬度通常达到56-58 Rc。这三种钢材的抗锈能力都不错,440A最好,而440C相比最低。SOG SEAL 2000用的是440A,Randall 用440B 来生产他们的不锈钢刀具。 440C 用的非常普遍,大多数美国刀具以及部分欧洲刀具大多采用440C。如果你的刀标有“440”,那么它很可能比440A便宜;如果厂商用更贵的440C,他们会很愿意宣传这一点。普遍感觉440A对于日常使用来说刚刚好,尤其是经过优质热处理的440A。440B更加结实,而440C是优秀的。从品质来说,440C会低于N690CO,因为N690CO比440C有更高的钴含量。所以在欧洲,440C作为中高端刀具使用,N690CO作为高端刀具使用。在美国很多品牌,包括戈博,巴克把440C作为其高端的刀具使用。在欧洲比如全球排名第一的FOX,其高端的军用系列刀具基本都采用N690CO,而起民用部分的中高端刀具,采用440C,在售价上N690CO的刀具售价大约是440C的一倍。2. 420C-420HC 420C从系列上就看出是比440C低一档的刀具,其碳含量很低,钢材很软,达不到高碳钢的标准。近年来,巴克讲420C加入更多的碳的元素,其碳含量可以达到0.75%左右,取名420HC高碳钢。从性能上说,420HC与国内标号4CR13相当,其硬度比440C略差,但在其他性能上都会远低于440C,但是其最大的优点是价格便宜。目前巴克几乎全系列都采用420HC,以降低其生产成本。但是巴克刀的品质优于其采用420HC,与其原有采用440C的刀具有一定的差距。购买巴克刀时,尽量选择老款的使用440C材质的刀具。 3、154CM 154-CM是美国目前使用的高端钢,但很长时间达不到高端制刀业期望的生产标准,所以未被广泛使用。站在刀具使用者的立场,154CM不愧为一个糟糕的选择,一个超级耐磨但超级磨不利的玩意儿。而且让人极其难受的是,在这种钢材的刀刃薄处受到挤压时,比如用154CM刀子去砍树劈柴,其刃口 总是趋向于碎裂。这种钢的切割性能顶多只能算二流水准,其刃口具有某种“变滑(而不是微齿)”的特征,让你在切割时非得使力压着切不可 ,其性能接近下面的ATS-34,但是略差一些。美国品牌比如巴克,蜘蛛的高端刀具使用。在性能上与欧洲的高端钢N690CO,和日本的高端钢ATS-34有一定的差距。 4、ATS-34 ATS-55ATS目前日本最热的高端不锈钢。154-CM是最初的美洲版本,ATS-34 是一种日本日立的产品,它和154-CM非常、非常相似,是高端高质不锈钢。 在性能上属于非常优秀的钢材,其性能接近欧洲高端钢,N690CO. 通常硬度约为 58-60 Rc,打磨度非常好,即使硬度如此高仍然具有足够的坚韧度。抗锈能力不如前面提到的400系列。很多定制手工刀匠使用ATS-34,Spyderco 和 Benchmade 部分刀都选用它。ATS-55和ATS-34很相似,但去掉钼,加入了其他一些元素。目前对这种钢材所知不多,但它看起来具有似乎是保留了ATS-34的优秀打磨度并增加了坚韧性。钼是高速钢生产中一种昂贵而有用的元素,而刀锋并不需要用到高速钢,所以去掉钼可以大幅度降低钢材成本,且仍然保持了ATS-34的特性。 Spyderco 选用这种钢材。 5、 N690CO 欧洲顶级的顶级高端不锈钢,欧洲几乎大的品牌都使用N690CO作为高端钢材。 N690高钴不锈钢,有时也被称为N690或N690Co,是奥地利伯勒尔(Bohler)钢铁公司研发的一种富钴不锈钢材质。N690与如ATS-34和VG-10等其他钴钢拥有一些相似的性能,N690钢因FOX和极端武力(EXTREMA RATIO)经常使用而迅速在高端刀具中得到普及。对于率先在刀具制作中使用N690钢的极FOX刀具公司,N690更是受到了极大的好评。它被认为是一种可以性能超过ATS-34,VG-10,154CM的特种高端钢材。N690目前主要被应用在欧洲的刀具制造业中。 N690中添加的钴元素提高了钢材的耐磨损性和刃部保持性,此外还确保了钢材中含有均匀的晶粒结构,令钢材的性能更趋稳定。 总而言之,N690是一种掺有钴、钼和钒的马氏体铬钢。当用来制作工具和部件时,这种钢可以硬化到一个非常高的硬度水平。根据表面抛光需要钢材拥有良好的耐蚀性可知,这种材质可以被细研磨或抛光。这钢在冶炼过程中采用了电渣重熔(Electroslag remelting procedure,ESR)的加工方式,所以钢材的纯净度与组织结构都获得了极大的提升。 N690CO的主要含量如下碳1.07-1.37% 钴1.5-1.8% 铬17% 锰0.4% 钼1.1-1.5% 硅0.4% 钒0.1%等。其内部含有价格非常昂贵的钼,大大提高了刀具的品质。它们表现的极其剽悍,抗冲击性非常好,切割能力超强。优越的切割品质以及高强度,使它们成为制作格斗刀或生存刀具的显而易见的优选对象。钢的结构形态不同,铁碳平衡图不同,热处理后钢的内部结构不同,钢的用途也不同,1刃口用钢2磨具钢3不锈钢、工具钢、结构钢、低合金高强度钢、汽车钢、我国有些钢还需要进口,就是我们的工艺水平上不去,不是技术不懂,方法不会,是我们有些地方在工艺上没有好的方法把握好。没能按要求实现钢的内部结构及其量值配比的优化值。高手在民间;民间验方:核桃仁30克、冰糖30克、香油15克、蜂蜜20克,水煎服。多年无法医治的肺部疾患(肺气肿吐白痰患者),有效适用。这就体现了不同组成形态的系统会有不同与其它药物。人有病从病理上看是脏腑细胞受损,冰糖、蜂蜜属于双塘能修复受损脏腑细胞。香油有保护创伤面,核桃有仅有润肺止咳,还有补虚强体,消炎杀菌,由于含有大量植物E可使细胞受损自由基的氧化损害,有润燥滑肠、祛瘀生新和止咳疗效。冰糖有补中益气、和胃润肺止咳化痰、治疗肺水肿,蜂蜜还有润肺养肝、解毒祛火和止咳疗效。这样的组成态,功能组合、就产生了高手在民间治疗肺气肿的民间验方。注意形态也就是关注了事物的本质和内涵,社会形态、企业形态、地区形态、官场形态、民生形态等都要关注,我常去无锡等地那里图书中心人满为患,各层上下电梯行进不息,各类书籍应有尽有,还见到有的女客户背着婴儿去选书,内容好的要用笔记本记下来,那里江苏省电台每天定时有政风热线节目,有省电台安排的电台主持人,领引对各级政府有意见的群众问责有关官员。有的官员被问责后要有明确的整改表态。晚间有军事专家评论世界政治军事等形势走向,还有新闻故事。这种官方的政治形态导向不能不对地区发展有好的。在无锡政府为民做的不错,设立了幸福直通车,任何人在市内部分地区坐车全部免费,当然不能否定那里没有不足和不近人意的地方,这里不便多说。有些欠发达地区却与之相反在贸易大厅不设公共厕所,由私人设立厕所,门前收费挣厕所这个资本的钱。欠发达地区见到各处成天在玩,真是娱乐致死啊!不像发达地区那样,这也是省、市、县领导注意和关注形态,把所管地区形态引导好,把握好,这样才不愧为中国梦的追求!
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