1、我面对一个英语写作题目,完全没有思路,不知道该怎么写,这种情况应该怎么办?这两个问题基本能囊括英语写作的两大难点。
2、我有思路与想法,但我觉得我不能恰当地用英语表达出来,这种情况应该怎么办?
1、背单词我在备战『2018外研社杯写作比赛』时就使用了背雅思单词的方式来进行积累好词。但我并不像大多数人背单词那样,仅仅局限于记这个单词有哪些意思、如何拼写,我会尤其留意例句,去看它在具体情境下如何被使用。
2、看文章这是很重要的一个方式。总有人会问我那具体看什么文章?我只想回答:思维不要那么僵硬,任何印出来的来源于权威报刊的英语文章都行;甚至大学英语四六级、考研英语、雅思托福中的文章,你都可以进行摘抄积累。
A is pushing back aganist B over C(sth.)核心结构就只是be pushing back 这个短语,只不过against 引出动作接受对象,over 引出事由,as后面又跟了一个原因状语从句。 (或者说核心结构是“be pushing back against”,反击、不接受)
She is on the threshold of her new career.上面这句话就是我当初积累threshold模仿出的句子。
I am craving for going out to do some intresting thing, whether it be dining with friends, doing sports or taking a walk.
The headteacher is pushing back against students' protest over his rigid policy
“需要再去学习一遍英语语法吗?”我觉得有精力是挺有必要学习下语法的,在英语写作中避免语法错误是第一位;没有语法错误的情况下才能考虑高级表达。
有比较好的英语写作辅导书吗?我用得不多,只在参加2018外研社杯接触到了这本英语写作辅导书,我个人觉得还不错,阅读量足够,也讲了一些写作技巧,在这里可以推荐给没有合适参考书的朋友。
To demonstrate this question, we can have a review about the birth of language. In the ancient time, people worked and lived together to survive the nature. But with time going by, they have so many things to discuss about and figure out, thus the language came into being. We can see that language was being used as a tool to survive. Its function is conveying and exchanging feelings and opinions, so we can better understand each other. It’s definitely the greatest invention in the human history, so that over the centuries, languages have continued to change and develop.其实这短短100个词的小段落,用词基本逃不出高考大纲词汇。
The primary function of language is to convey and exchange feelings-to facilitate understanding of opinions and thoughts. To further discuss this topic, we must first take a look at the origin of language: In ancient times, people worked and lived together to survive the whims of nature. The earliest forms of language were likely no more than grunts and rudimentary hand gestures. However, as time went by and communities evolved into civilizations, the need for more sophisticated communication arose, which brought about the creation of standardized languages-one of the greatest inventions in human history. Over the centuries, more and more languages began to change and develop. Now, there are more than 7,000 languages in the world, continuing to play a large and crucial role in our society. The primary function of language is still communication, but its significance reaches far beyond that.那今天就讲几个技巧让英语摆脱幼稚感。
Why do I think language is not just a tool? There are lot of reasons, but Ifirst want to address the one that we’re probably most likely to have heard of, and that is a language channels our thoughts. When we try to learn a new language, we can try to understand other culture background. Sometimes people equate success in life with the width of your experience. If youwant to imbibe the culture, you have to control to some degree the language that happens to be conducted in, there’s no other way你发现了吗,这一段里面,大部分的主语都是人,比如 I,we,people,you。
汉语注重主体思维,以“万物皆备于我”做主导,往往从我出发来叙述客观事物,或倾向于描述人及起行为和状态,因为常用人称。--《英汉对比研究》说白了就是,汉语的主语很多情况离不开人。
Some people think the best way to reduce crime is to give longer prison sentence. Others,however,think there are better alternative ways to reduce crime. Discuss both views and give your own opinion.这道写作题目是有一定难度的,因为单词相对来说难一些。比如“crime”这个核心词汇可能很多人不认识,还有“longer prison sentence”,”alternative”等。所以,我们一定要提升词汇量,至少看懂写作题目。一般来说,写作题目都不会特别难,相对于阅读来说。一般只要词汇量不是特别差,写作题目都是可以看懂的。
“Students can broaden their horizons and make many new friends by taking part in after-class activities.”这句话没问题,但是在词汇和语法上略显简单,语法上是简单句,没有什么高分句型,单词也比较简单中庸。
“Students can not only broaden their horizons but also make plenty of new friends by participating in extra-curricular activities.”这句话使用了并列句,而且把“参加”和“课外活动”分别替换成了高分短语。
“Not only can students broaden their horizons but also make plenty of new friends by participating in extra-curricular activities.”好了,经过3步改造,我们把一句话进行了1.0到3.0的完美飞跃。这也证明了好作文都是改出来的。
这一句和它的上一句是什么关系?如果你能清晰地说出,那证明你的文章是有逻辑的,如果你无法说出,那证明你的文章逻辑是混乱的,通过这种方式可以自我检测。
和它的下一句又是什么关系?
和这段话的主旨句是什么关系?
文章的主旨形式包括:
叙述的角度
行文的逻辑
是宏观的主要表达;
篇章结构
用词
语法
修辞
是细节的完整呈现。
进行[预判]
分析结构
提炼主旨
内心OS:有听力这靓女,作文这帅哥,口语这卡哇伊萌妹子,真的对老头子提不起兴趣了喂。
X is fundamental to …介绍文章的结构
X is an important aspect of...
X is frequently prescribed for …
The first section of this paper will examine ...
The essay has been organized in the following way...
The remaining part of the paper proceeds as follows...
经过查字典我知道:set one’s teeth on edge是固定搭配,意为使人牙关咬紧。Bristle 及物动词,有使毛发竖起的意思(名词也有毛发的意思)因此这段话可以译为:
这种噪声使人牙关咬紧,脖子后面毛发直竖。
形式很新颖的句子总得来说,就是从[形式]和[内容]2方面着手,更新自己的小low表达,大嘎学会了嘛?
表达很深刻的句子
总结性很强的句子
承接很紧密的句子
不需要用纸笔练习
节省时间,脑内小剧场瞬间就可以完成
也不打扰阅读的乐趣
那么如何去除you进而让人看起来比较扎实?下面以“如何提高英语写作?”这个话题为例进行写作 (水分多的文字用下划线表示)。修改前:
利用被动语态确定谁是你的读者 audience,进而寻找substitutions(代替名词)名词的动词用法(注意不是所有名词都有动词的形式)去除文字的水分寻找前后文联系,合并related句子
Snippet:下面是修改后:
那么如何去除you进而让人看起来比较扎实?
利用被动语态确定谁是你的读者 audience,进而寻找substitutions名词的动词用法(注意不是所有名词都有动词的形式)去除文字的水分寻找前后文联系,合并related句子
留心的同学应该注意到,我们写文章的时候you通常都是指代读者!好了,这篇“如何写作?”的文章面向的读者是谁? 通过写一个list来回答这个问题:you -> your audience -> entry-level writer, people, English learner, students, new to writing, people who struggling with writing ... 这些单词都比you客观多了! 含义也丰富多了!!
很多单词在国内一直被以为是名词,但是在国外经常被用作动词例如population有对应动词populate,例如habit通常被用作名词“习惯”。我们通常说“Julie make doing exercise as a habit”事实上,habit也是一个动词:
策划:高毅更多资源技能戳这里:topbook.cc
制作:高毅
其一,语言运用能力,遣词造句优美精妙、准确地道;
其二,谋篇布局能力,行文是否逻辑严谨,观点论证是否严密等。
要么无从下手,苦于不知如何开始练习;
要么简单追求数量,不求质量,一味疯狂训练,一段时间后,收效甚微。
Famed diplomat Candoleezza Rice, who hosts foreign notables to beef up the morale of top State Department staffers, sits down and fires off a lot of notes.【中文翻译:外交官Candoleeza Rice接待了一些外国名人来振奋美国国务院高官们的士气,接着他坐了下来并且火速发了一些便笺出去。】
Such pretensions shall be made as will completely obscure all Federal buildings and non-Federal buildings occupied by the Federal Government during an air raid for any period of time from visibility by reason of internal or external illumination.【这段话引用自二战期间罗斯福政府中的文件】
Tell them that in buildings where they have to keep the working going to put something across their windows.罗斯福简化了上面的那段话,把它变成了一个很简单的祈使句。Zinsser想在这里告诉读者,大繁至简,大音希声,所有冗长的单词都应该去掉。但是,这对于当时读惯了托福文章和19世纪小说的我确实是一个新奇的观念,并且我也很难看出变得简单到底有什么好处。直到我陆陆续续地又读了一些散文,我才开始理解Zinsser讲的一些道理。
I gave her the hair dryer. She looked at it as if she had never seen one before. “What is this for?”she asked. I took her by the shoulders. I told her about the paperback sale. She didn’t appear to understand. I told her again. Tabby looked over my shoulder at our shitty little four-room apartment, just as I had, and began to cry.我读这本书的前半部分的时候很动容,Stephen King在处理情景描写的时候非常得心应手,让人看不出痕迹。如果有同学想阅读自传类的题材,我非常推荐这本书。
【当时读完这段话差点一下子哭出来,King好不容易】
“Put it down!" she shouted menacingly. “放下它!” 她威胁的说道。这是一个多余的用法:Put it down这句话之中已经有威胁的意思了。所以,英语作家最应该锻炼的技巧之一,是如何使用动词,从而避免使用副词。Pinker在语言学的书籍里面说过,句子大多是围绕动词所建立的,因为一个句子描述的往往是一个状态或者是动作的变化。【大家可以想想平常生活中的用于,比方说,我去上学了,我吃饭了,描述的都是状态或者动作的变化】
“ If the new phrase has the same structure as the preceding one, its words can be slotted into the waiting tree, and the reader will absorb it effortlessly. The pattern is called structural parallelism, and it is one of the oldest tricks in the book for elegant (and often stirring) prose.”Pinker在很大程度上也和Zinsser的道路完全相反。Pinker把Zinsser这种作家称之为purist,即语言的净化者,对于语言有着一套自己的追求。Pinker则是descriptist,即对于语言的态度是不应该墨守陈规,而是更多的去观察人们生活中的日常用语。比方说,如果大家仔细阅读了前两本书,会发现一条规则叫做:Don’t use passive voice. 不要使用被动语态。【这是英语写作技巧中最为著名的一条,因为大部分作家都认为被动语态拉低了一个句子的表达强度】
I love style manuals. Ever since I was assigned Strunk and White’s The Elements of Style in an introductory psychology course, the writing guide has been among my favorite literary genres.On Writing: A Memoir of the Craft 开篇第一段:
自从我阅读完The Elements of Style,写作手册就成为我最爱的流派之一了。
This is a short book because most books about writing are filled with bullshit…One notable exception to the bullshit rule is The Elements of Style by William Strunk Jr. and E.B.White. There is little or no detectable bullshit in that book. I will tell you right now that every aspiring writer should read The Elements of Style.On Writing Well:
大部分关于写作的书籍里面都是屎,例外是The Elements of Style。所有想成为作家的人都应该读读这本书。
The Elements of Style is a book every writer should read once a year.它最广为人知的就是书中的第十七条规则. Omit useless words. 把不需要的单词去除掉。这几乎成了每一本writing manual在教授的内容之一。书很短,但是很精彩,从头到位都是实用技巧,如果只阅读一本的话,建议读这一本书。这本书非常干巴巴的,里面并没有前三本书中精彩的论述,但是它所定下来的原则几乎成为了写作中的黄金法则。举个例子:
这本书每个作家每年都应该阅读一次。
规则第十一条:Put statements in positive form. 用肯定句在上文中,Steven Pinker已经用现代语言学的方式证明了这个规则的有效性。Strunk教授并没有太多语言学的背景,完全是靠着自己对于英语的感知总结出了这些规矩,很让人敬佩。所有的关于写作的书籍其实从来没有跳出过这本书给作家们限定的一些框架。还有一些广为人知的规定,比方说,不要使用there be句型,几乎已经成为了英语写作者们的潜规则。当说起这条规则的时候,大家都不会说,这是我在The Elements of Style里面看到过的,因为所有人都知道这件事情。换言之,这本书已经改变了英语这门语言的使用方式。
Make definitive assertions. Avoid tame, colorless, hesitating, non-committal language. Use the word not as a means of denial or in antithesis, never as a means of evasion.
He was not very often in time. (错误案例)
He usually came late. (正确案例)
规则第十五条:Express co-ordinate ideas in similar forms. 相同的想法用相似的格式表达出来
Formerly, science was taught by the textbook method, while now the laboratory method is employed. (错误案例)
Formerly, science was taught by the textbook method; now it is taught by the laboratory method. 正确案例
规则第七条:A participial phrase at the beginning of a sentence must refer to the grammatical subject. 开头的分词与主语需要保持一致Walking on the street, I saw a pretty girl. (正确用法,是我看到了漂亮女孩)
Literature is love. I think it went like this: Drawings in the cave, sounds in the cave, songs in the cave, songs about us. Later, stories about us. Part of what we always did was have sex and fight about it and break each other’s hearts. I guess there’s other kinds of love too. Great friendships. Working together. But poetry and novels are lists of our devotions. We love the feel of making the marks as the feelings are rising and falling. Living in literature and love is the best thing there is. You’re always home.最后祝愿喜欢英文写作的大家都能写的更好呀。
文学是爱。我觉得它是这样发展的:先是洞穴中的壁画,洞穴中的声音,然后是洞穴中的歌,关于我们的歌。接下里,是关于我们的故事。我们总是为了性而争吵,伤透了彼此的心。但是我相信除此之外也有别样的爱。伟大的友谊。一起工作的情谊。但是诗歌和小说也是我们的爱。我们喜欢在我们的情感起落之时把它们记录下来。在文学和爱中生活是世界上最好的事情。你永远在家。
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